Mass: 5.3 kg based on Cavallini 1997, Mohamed 2016, Bellows and Mitchell 2002, Layne 1958, and Ward 1928

Diet: carnivore based on Panek and Bresinski 2002 and Zhang et al. 2011; carnivore-frugivore based on Ables 1969 and Hockman and Chapman 1983; carnivore-insectivore based on Azevedo et al. 2006

Abundance: 0.02 to 47.92% (median 1.22%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 63.8°

Habitats: (137), Mediterranean woodland (3), boreal forest/taiga (3), desert/xeric shrubland (6), montane grassland (6), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (33), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (2)

Biogeographic distribution: Indomalaya, Nearctic, Palearctic

Found in 196 samples

Afghanistan: Nuristan Province

Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3) (Holocene)

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene)

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve

Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)

Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, screened) (Holocene), Irving-Johnston (Holocene), Winefred Lake, St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012), Roussillon, Québec, Algar

China: Altun Mountains, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Shuidonggou Locality 7 (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

France: Côte d’Or, Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D) (Middle Pleistocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Havelland, Lower Oder Valley, Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

India: Dachigam National Park

Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5) (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B) (Holocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B) (Late Pleistocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Contrada Castro (Period B) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene)

Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Obihiro (wildlife overpass)

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Kyrgyzstan: SaryChat Ertash Zapovednik (ridge), Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring), Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Morocco: Gazelle Cave (lower level) (Late Pleistocene), Gazelle Cave (upper level) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L s1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 2) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 3) (Pleistocene - Holocene)

Pakistan: Khunjerab National Park

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Borsuka Cave (Layer II) (Holocene)

Portugal: Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania

Russia: Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Zapovednaya (Late Pleistocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2) (Holocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 2) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 5) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 6) (Holocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 7) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 1) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 2) (Holocene), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 4) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit) (Holocene), Chernyshevskaya-III Cave (layer 3) (Holocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 2) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 4) (Late Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Can Roqueta II (Holocene)

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa (Holocene)

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)

Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene)

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD) (Holocene), Luluyyah Fort (Holocene)

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry (Late Pleistocene)

United States: Memphis, Richlands, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, The Wilds, Zesch Cave (Late Pleistocene), Crystal Ball Cave (Late Pleistocene), Haystack Cave (upper levels) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Haystack Cave (lower levels) (Late Pleistocene), Golf Course (Late Pleistocene), Harrodsburg Crevice (Late Pleistocene), Bat Cave (Late Pleistocene), Dust Cave (Zones T and U) (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (interior) (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1) (Holocene), Guard (Holocene), Pine Hill (Holocene), Meyer Cave (Holocene), Sunshine Locality (Unit E) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature), Bogue Chitto Creek (Late Pleistocene), West of US 287, Marmes Rockshelter (Harrison horizon) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Marmes Rockshelter (A6–16 horizon) (Late Pleistocene)

Yemen: Hawf

♀ body mass	4940 kg	N = 125	Cavallini 1997
♀ body mass	600 g	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ body mass	1900 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	4900 kg	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ body mass	5750 kg	N = 205	Cavallini 1997
♂ body mass	4848 kg	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ body mass	1300 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	2900 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	2100 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	5443 kg	N = 6	Ward 1928
♀ condylobasal length	80.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	91.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	117.6 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	109.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ ear length	60 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ ear length	80 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	79 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ ear length	70 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	90 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	90 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ hind foot length	95 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ hind foot length	120 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	149 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ hind foot length	165 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ hind foot length	105 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	130 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	140 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ interorbital breadth	16.5 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	18.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	23.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	20.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ lower tooth row length	37.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	41.3 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	63.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	59.3 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ skull length	85.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	97.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	121.2 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	113.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ skull width	51.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	56.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	68.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	59.6 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ tail length	230 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ tail length	320 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	360 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ tail length	365 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ tail length	290 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	390 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	410 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ total body length	590 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ total body length	800 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	970 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ total body length	1031 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ total body length	645 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	885 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	960 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016

See also Vulpes, Vulpes alopecoides, Vulpes bengalensis, Vulpes cana, Vulpes chama, Vulpes corsac, Vulpes ferrilata, Vulpes lagopus, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes rueppellii, Vulpes sp., Vulpes velox, Vulpes zerda