Capreolus capreolus (ungulate)

Mass: 22 kg based on Clauss et al. 2008 and Focardi et al. 2002

Diet: browser based on Abbas et al. 2011

Abundance: 0.01 to 72.07% (median 1.33%)

Latitudinal range: 31.8° to 55.7°

Habitats: (86), Mediterranean woodland (1), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (10), temperate coniferous forest (1), temperate savanna (1)

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view a larger map

Found in 99 samples

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene)

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study)

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Mullerup (waste) (Holocene), Mullerup (unidentified) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

France: Côte d’Or, Salčve, Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII) (Middle Pleistocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Orgnac 3 (level 1) (Middle Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Lunel-Viel (level 9) (Middle Pleistocene), Soucy 1 (Middle Pleistocene), Soleihac (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (late Middle Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Havelland, Lower Oder Valley

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

Iran: Golestan National Park

Israel: Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry Area B (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave Hearth unit (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave LSBS (Middle Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.2) (Late Pleistocene), Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5) (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B) (Holocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 31) (Holocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Poggetti Vecchi (Middle Pleistocene), Capalbiaccio (Building J, Level III) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene)

Lebanon: Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Portugal: Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)

Russia: Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A) (Late Pleistocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

Spain: Larraga, Jou Puerta (Late Pleistocene), El Horno Cave (Level 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Last Glacial Maximum) (Late Pleistocene), El Mirón Cave (Final Magdalenian) (Pleistocene - Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Upper Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), El Mirón Cave (Middle Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 2) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 3) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 4) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C/D) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level D) (Late Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene)

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)

Ukraine: Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-1) (Holocene), Medzhibozh 1 (horizon 16a) (Middle Pleistocene)

Size measurements:
body mass26300 kgN = 3Clauss et al. 2008
♀ body mass22100 kgN = 82Focardi et al. 2002
♂ body mass23100 kgN = 13Focardi et al. 2002

See also Capreolus, Capreolus cusanoides, Capreolus pygargus, Capreolus sp.