Mass: 43 kg based on Ballard et al. 1991, Ingles 1963, and Ward 1928

Diet: carnivore based on Kolenosky and Johnston 1967

Abundance: 0.01 to 71.26% (median 1.61%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 72.8°

Habitats: (196), Mediterranean woodland (4), boreal forest/taiga (6), desert/xeric shrubland (9), montane grassland (6), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (25), temperate coniferous forest (3), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (18), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (18), tropical/subtropical savanna (8), tundra (1)

Biogeographic distribution: Nearctic, Palearctic, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Southwest Asia

Found in 296 samples

Argentina: Acambuco

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene), Godedzor Level II A (Holocene)

Australia: Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve, Taunton National Park, Groote Eylandt, Alyangula, Kurrajong (KP1), Einasleigh Uplands

Bangladesh: Patharia Hill, Tarap Hill

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Holocene)

Brazil: Estação Biológica de Santa Lùcia (primary forest), Tapiraí and Piedade Municipalities, Serra do Japi Biological Reserve (2009/2010), Quedas do Rio Bonito Ecological Park (camera trapping), Una and Arataca (forest), Una and Arataca (cabruca), Reserva Natural Vale (year 1), Iguaçu National Park, Reserva Biológica de Araras, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Recanto das Antas, Catimbau National Park

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)

Canada: Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV) (Holocene), Learmonth Site (Holocene), Peale Point House 2 (1) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, screened) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, floated) (Holocene), McNichol Creek (house depression) (Holocene), McNichol Creek (midden) (Holocene), Irving-Johnston (Holocene), Cactus Flower (Holocene), Winefred Lake, EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 1), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 2), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 3), Algar

China: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (camera traps), Altun Mountains, Gouli Region, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Guanyinshan Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Songhua River (Late Pleistocene), Tawendaliha (Holocene), Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Zongri type-site (Layer 2) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 3) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 4) (Holocene), Foping National Nature Reserve (2020), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Jinsitai Cave (Layer 7) (Late Pleistocene), Taosi (Holocene), Zhoujiazhuang (Holocene), Guandimiao (Holocene), Shuangta (Holocene), Gouwan (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene)

Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (forest), Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (scrub), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2009), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-1), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-2), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2011)

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D2) (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

Ecuador: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Marina y Costera Pacoche, La Chimba (Holocene), Challuahamba (Holocene)

Egypt: Berenike Trogodytika (fort) (Holocene), Berenike Trogodytika (dump) (Holocene)

Ethiopia: Harlaa (Holocene)

France: Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII) (Middle Pleistocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Orgnac 3 (level 1) (Middle Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 9) (Late Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 10) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Lunel-Viel (level 9) (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Salzgitter Lebenstedt (Late Pleistocene), Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

India: Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Akole Tahsil, Naikund (Holocene), Girawad (Holocene), Malvan (Period I) (Holocene), Malvan (Period II) (Holocene), Bharatpur and Jagannathprasad, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kunal - Period IB (Early Harappan - Layer 5) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Ghaskol Darwaza Area) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Khari Kui (Primary School-3) Area) (Holocene), Mitathal (Layer 3) (Holocene), Kotada Bhadli (Holocene), Badmal (Period IB) (Holocene)

Indonesia: Bawean Island (wet season), Bawean Island (dry season)

Iran: Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (summer), Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Qubur al-Walaydah (Field 2) (Holocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 10) (Late Pleistocene), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.1) (Late Pleistocene), Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Contrada Castro (Period B) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Casal de'Pazzi (Middle Pleistocene)

Japan: Fujiyoshida City, Hotohama (2010 - 2011), Hotohama (2011 - 2012), Obihiro (wildlife overpass), Torihama (Holocene)

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Holocene)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Kyrgyzstan: Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring)

Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Mexico: La Playa (Holocene), Schroeder Site (Structure 1) (Holocene), Xalapa, Cerro Portezuelo (Holocene)

Oman: Southwest Dhofar Mountains

Paraguay: Isla Alta

Peru: Cerro Baùl (Holocene), Huaca Colorada (Zone A) (Holocene)

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age) (Holocene)

Portugal: Vale do Mouro (Stage 2) (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Zapovednaya (Late Pleistocene), Bugul'deika II Layer II-2 (Holocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 10) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 1) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 5 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Byzovaya (Late Pleistocene)

Senegal: Diouboye (Holocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase) (Holocene), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

South Africa: Between George and Karatara, Kloof/Hillcrest

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), Cueva del Angel (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3) (Holocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene), Can Roqueta II (Holocene)

Sudan: Khor Shambat 1 (Neolithic) (Holocene)

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tanzania: Tli’ika

Thailand: Khao Yai National Park, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary

Togo: Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (dry season)

Tunisia: Meninx (Holocene)

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Marmaris, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene)

Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene)

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD) (Holocene)

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry (Late Pleistocene), Balderton Sand and Gravel (Middle Pleistocene)

United States: North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Raleigh-Durham, North of the Michigamme Reservoir, Dalton Highway, The Wilds, Crystal Ball Cave (Late Pleistocene), OMNH locality VI03 (Late Pleistocene), Papago Springs Cave (Late Pleistocene), Golf Course (Late Pleistocene), Rancho La Brea (Pit 91) (Late Pleistocene), Harrodsburg Crevice (Late Pleistocene), Ripplemead (Late Pleistocene), Bluegrass (macro) (Holocene), Hulme Site (Holocene), Lower Walnut Settlement (Holocene), McKinley Site (Zone A) (Holocene), McKinley Site (Zone B) (Holocene), Angel Site (Subdivision W10D) (Holocene), Steck (Holocene), Croley-Evans (Holocene), Watson Brake (6.4 mm fraction) (Holocene), Rattlesnake Point Pueblo (Unit 2) (Holocene), Cadwalader (Holocene), Mykut Rockshelter (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (interior) (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1) (Holocene), Harris Creek (Holocene), Hobson Site (Holocene), Guard (Holocene), Prison Farm (Holocene), Pine Hill (Holocene), Otter Creek No. 2 (Zone 3) (Holocene), Cole Gravel Pit (Holocene), Baker Village (Holocene), Schuiling Cave (Late Pleistocene), Meyer Cave (Holocene), Polecat Creek (alluvial gravel) (Late Pleistocene), Polecat Creek (black earth) (Holocene), Pintwater Cave (Unit 3, level 8) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer B) (Holocene), Schulze Cave (layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Natural Chimneys (Late Pleistocene), Flagg Swamp Rockshelter (Archaic) (Holocene), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Bull Neck Swamp Research Forest, West of US 287

Uzbekistan: Kyzyltepa (Holocene)

Vietnam: An Son (Holocene)

Yemen: Hawf

Zimbabwe: Ingwezi Game Management Project

♀ body mass	41800 kg	N = 14	Ballard et al. 1991
♂ body mass	47400 kg	N = 17	Ballard et al. 1991
♂ body mass	25401 kg	N = 1	Ingles 1963
body mass	27216 kg	N = 1	Ward 1928
♂ ear length	105 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
head and body length	1168 mm	N = 1	Ward 1928
♂ hind foot length	255 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
♂ tail length	400 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
♂ total body length	1500 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963

See also Canis, Canis adustus, Canis anthus, Canis armbrusteri, Canis arnensis, Canis aureus, Canis chihliensis, Canis dubius, Canis etruscus, Canis falconeri, Canis latrans, Canis lycanoides, Canis mesomelas, Canis mosbachensis, Canis priscolatrans, Canis sp., Canis spp.