Abundance: 0.01 to 71.26% (median 1.58%)
Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 72.8°Habitats: (350), Mediterranean woodland (6), boreal forest/taiga (7), desert/xeric shrubland (13), mangrove (2), montane grassland (7), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (40), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (3), tropical/subtropical coniferous forest (1), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (36), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (23), tropical/subtropical savanna (20), tundra (1)
Found in 513 samples
Afghanistan: Nuristan Province
Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3) (Holocene), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA4) (Holocene), Ain Boucherit (Lower) (Early Pleistocene), Ain Boucherit (Upper) (Early Pleistocene)
Argentina: Acambuco
Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene), Godedzor Level II A (Holocene)
Australia: Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve, Taunton National Park, Groote Eylandt, Alyangula, Kurrajong (KP1), Einasleigh Uplands
Bangladesh: Patharia Hill, Rajkandi, Tarap Hill
Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Holocene)
Brazil: Estação Biológica de Santa Lùcia (primary forest), Tapiraí and Piedade Municipalities, Serra do Japi Biological Reserve (2009/2010), Quedas do Rio Bonito Ecological Park (camera trapping), Una and Arataca (forest), Una and Arataca (cabruca), Reserva Natural Vale (year 1), Iguaçu National Park, Reserva Biológica de Araras, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Recanto das Antas, Catimbau National Park
Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)
Burkina Faso: Arly National Park (2017)
Cambodia: Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, Mondulkiri Protected Forest, Boh Dambang (Late Pleistocene), Vat Komnou (Holocene)
Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV) (Holocene), Learmonth Site (Holocene), Peale Point House 2 (1) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, screened) (Holocene), Keffer (Midden 57, floated) (Holocene), DjPp-8 (level B) (Holocene), McNichol Creek (house depression) (Holocene), McNichol Creek (midden) (Holocene), Pender Canal Site (trench) (Holocene), Grassy Bay (Holocene), Irving-Johnston (Holocene), Atkinson (Holocene), Cactus Flower (Holocene), Caverne de la Mine (lower infill) (Holocene), Winefred Lake, EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 1), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 2), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 3), St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012), Roussillon, Québec, Algar
China: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (camera traps), Altun Mountains, Gouli Region, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Guanyinshan Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Ma'anshan Cave (upper layer) (Late Pleistocene), Ma'anshan Cave (lower layer) (Late Pleistocene), Songhua River (Late Pleistocene), Tawendaliha (Holocene), Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Zongri type-site (Layer 2) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 3) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 4) (Holocene), Foping National Nature Reserve (2020), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Jinsitai Cave (Layer 7) (Late Pleistocene), Taosi (Holocene), Zhoujiazhuang (Holocene), Guandimiao (Holocene), Shuangta (Holocene), Gouwan (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Mohui Cave (Early Pleistocene), Bailongdong (Middle Pleistocene), Xiaonanshan (Early Pleistocene)
Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (forest), Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (scrub), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2009), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-1), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-2), Otùn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2011)
Costa Rica: San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor
Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D2) (Late Pleistocene)
Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)
Ecuador: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Marina y Costera Pacoche, Pirincay (Transition) (Holocene), La Chimba (Holocene), Challuahamba (Holocene)
Egypt: Berenike Trogodytika (fort) (Holocene), Berenike Trogodytika (dump) (Holocene)
Ethiopia: Belete-Gera National Forest Priority Area (natural forest), Belete-Gera National Forest Priority Area (coffee forest), Porc-Epic Cave (Late Pleistocene), Harlaa (Holocene), Gombore II (Early Pleistocene)
France: Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII) (Middle Pleistocene), Bois-de-Riquet (Locus 1) (Early Pleistocene), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D) (Middle Pleistocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Orgnac 3 (level 1) (Middle Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 9) (Late Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 10) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Lunel-Viel (level 9) (Middle Pleistocene)
Georgia: Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B) (Late Pleistocene)
Germany: Salzgitter Lebenstedt (Late Pleistocene), Untermassfeld (Early Pleistocene), Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)
Ghana: Mole National Park
Greece: Kalamotó (KLT) (Early Pleistocene)
Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)
India: Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Akole Tahsil, Naikund (Holocene), Girawad (Holocene), Malvan (Period I) (Holocene), Malvan (Period II) (Holocene), Bharatpur and Jagannathprasad, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kunal - Period IB (Early Harappan - Layer 5) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Ghaskol Darwaza Area) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Khari Kui (Primary School-3) Area) (Holocene), Mitathal (Layer 3) (Holocene), Chandankhera (Period IV: Vakataka) (Holocene), Agiabir (Period I - Narhan culture) (Holocene), Kotada Bhadli (Holocene), Badmal (Period IB) (Holocene), Cathedral Cave (MIS 5) (Late Pleistocene), Gopnath (Late Pleistocene)
Indonesia: Bawean Island (wet season), Bawean Island (dry season)
Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound) (Holocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound) (Holocene)
Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)
Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (spring), Shikma Biosphere Zone (summer), Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Qubur al-Walaydah (Field 2) (Holocene), Motza (Early PPNB) (Holocene), Motza (Middle PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC) (Holocene), Tel Ro'im West (PN) (Holocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian) (Late Pleistocene), Ubeidiya (Layer II-23) (Early Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)
Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 10) (Late Pleistocene), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.1) (Late Pleistocene), Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Contrada Castro (Period B) (Holocene), Casal Selce 2 (Middle Pleistocene), Pirro Nord 13 (Early Pleistocene), Collecurti bonebed (Early Pleistocene), Isernia La Pineta (3 colluvio level) (Middle Pleistocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Pantalla (Early Pleistocene), Casal de'Pazzi (Middle Pleistocene), Poggio Rosso (Early Pleistocene), Vigna Nuova (lower layer) (Early Pleistocene)
Japan: Fujiyoshida City, Hotohama (2010 - 2011), Hotohama (2011 - 2012), Obihiro (wildlife overpass), Torihama (Holocene)
Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Ayn Qasiyya (Area A) (Late Pleistocene), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Holocene)
Kazakhstan: Tasbas (Phase 2a) (Holocene), Tasbas (Phase 2b) (Holocene), Tasbas (Phase 3) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)
Kenya: Wadh Lang'o (Kansyore) (Holocene), Wadh Lang'o (Elmenteitan) (Holocene), Usenge 3 (Kansyore) (Holocene), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.1) (Holocene), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.2) (Holocene), Enkapune Ya Muto (RBL2.3) (Holocene), Enkapune Ya Muto (DBS) (Holocene), Lainyamok (Middle Pleistocene)
Kyrgyzstan: Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge), Chap I (Holocene)
Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring)
Lesotho: Sehonghong (GWA) (Holocene), Sehonghong (ALP) (Holocene), Sehonghong (SA) (Holocene), Sehonghong (RF) (Late Pleistocene), Sehonghong (RBL/CLBRF) (Late Pleistocene)
Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Mali: Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 1) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 2) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 3) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 4) (Holocene), Tongo Maaré Diabal (Horizon 5) (Holocene)
Mexico: La Reserva Natural Sierra Nanchititla, Estación CientÃfica Las Joyas, Tolistoque (dry season), Tolistoque (rainy season), Huasabas-Sahuaripa Region, Madera West, Pico de Orizaba National Park, PastorÃas (lluvias), PastorÃas (secas), San Juan Bautista Cuicatlân (lluvias), San Juan Bautista Cuicatlân (secas), Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada (secas), Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada (lluvias), La Playa (Holocene), Schroeder Site (Structure 1) (Holocene), El Zurdo (Holocene), Xalapa, Sierra Region (secondary forest), Sierra Region (oil palm), Santa Marta rock-shelter (Holocene), Cerro Portezuelo (Holocene)
Mongolia: Otson Tsokhio and Zuun Shovkh (Late Pleistocene)
Montenegro: Trlica (Bed 10) (Early Pleistocene)
Morocco: Gazelle Cave (lower level) (Late Pleistocene), Gazelle Cave (upper level) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L s1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 1) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 2) (Late Pleistocene), Zouhrah Cave (L 3) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Thomas Quarry Hominid Cave (Middle Pleistocene)
Namibia: Waterberg Plateau Park (surrounding flatlands), Waterberg Escarpment, Waterberg Plateau Park, Namib-Naukluft National Park, Etosha Region
Nigeria: Gajiganna A (Holocene), Gajiganna B (Holocene)
North Korea: Chongphadae Cave (Late Pleistocene)
Oman: Southwest Dhofar Mountains
Panama: Ecoparque Panama
Paraguay: Isla Alta
Peru: Cerro Baùl (Holocene), Huaca Colorada (Zone A) (Holocene)
Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age) (Holocene), Zabia Cave (Layer 17) (Early Pleistocene)
Portugal: Vale do Mouro (Stage 2) (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)
Republic of the Congo: Kouilou Département
Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)
Russia: Kuznetsovka (Middle Pleistocene), Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Zapovednaya (Late Pleistocene), Bugul'deika II Layer II-2 (Holocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 10) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 1) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 5 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Byzovaya (Late Pleistocene), Muhkai II (layer 80) (Early Pleistocene)
Saudi Arabia: Ti’s al Ghadah (Middle Pleistocene)
Senegal: Diouboye (Holocene)
Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase) (Holocene), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)
South Africa: Groenefontein Nature Reserve (riverine vegetation), Drakensberg Midlands, Between George and Karatara, Bethlehem, Kloof/Hillcrest, Sibudu Cave (Pinkish Grey Sand) (Late Pleistocene), Equus Cave (Unit 1A) (Holocene), Equus Cave (Unit 1B) (Late Pleistocene), Boegoeberg 1 (Late Pleistocene), Die Kelders Cave 1 (Layer 10) (Late Pleistocene), Plovers Lake (Late Pleistocene), Blombos Cave (Phase M1) (Late Pleistocene), Blombos Cave (Phase M3) (Late Pleistocene), Blombos Cave (LSA) (Holocene), Spitzkloof A Rockshelter (MIS 2) (Late Pleistocene), Spitzkloof A Rockshelter (MIS 3) (Late Pleistocene), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Late HP) (Late Pleistocene), Diepkloof Rock Shelter (MSA - Intermediate HP) (Late Pleistocene), Boomplaas Cave (Member BLD) (Holocene), Boomplaas Cave (Member BLA) (Holocene), Boomplaas Cave (Member CL) (Late Pleistocene), Boomplaas Cave (Member YOL) (Late Pleistocene), Boomplaas Cave (Member OLP) (Late Pleistocene), Equus Cave (Unit 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Equus Cave (Unit 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Wonderwerk Cave (excavation 2, stratum 2) (Middle Pleistocene), Duinefontein 2 Horizon 2 (Middle Pleistocene), Duinefontein 2 Horizon 3 (Middle Pleistocene)
Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), Cueva del Angel (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), El Cierro Cave (Level B) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3) (Holocene), Punta Lucero Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Venta Micena 4-I (Early Pleistocene), Venta Micena 4-II (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2) (Early Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene), Can Roqueta II (Holocene), Barranco Léon (Early Pleistocene), Gran Dolina (TD6.3) (Early Pleistocene), La Puebla de Valverde (Early Pleistocene)
Sri Lanka: Fa-Hien Lena Cave (Phase B) (Holocene), Fa-Hien Lena Cave (Phase C) (Late Pleistocene)
Sudan: Khor Shambat 1 (Neolithic) (Holocene)
Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)
Tanzania: Ruaha National Park (dry season, random placement), Mlele Forest Reserve, Tli’ika
Thailand: Khao Yai National Park, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary
Togo: Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (dry season), Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (wet season)
Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa (Holocene), Meninx (Holocene)
Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Marmaris, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)
Uganda: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Nile Delta
Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene), Maidanetske (2013 season) (Holocene)
United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD) (Holocene)
United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry (Late Pleistocene), Balderton Sand and Gravel (Middle Pleistocene)
United States: Salt Pond Mountain, Haw River, Rocky River, Richlands, Capay, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Raleigh-Durham, North of the Michigamme Reservoir, Kleberg County, Dalton Highway, Longview Lake and Warrensburg, Davis Mountain Preserve, The Wilds, Daniel Boone Field Station (riparian), Blue Grass Army Depot, Zesch Cave (Late Pleistocene), Crystal Ball Cave (Late Pleistocene), Silver Creek (Late Pleistocene), OMNH locality VI03 (Late Pleistocene), Laubach Cave (Late Pleistocene), Papago Springs Cave (Late Pleistocene), Haystack Cave (upper levels) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Golf Course (Late Pleistocene), Rancho La Brea (Pit 91) (Late Pleistocene), Harrodsburg Crevice (Late Pleistocene), Ripplemead (Late Pleistocene), Bat Cave (Late Pleistocene), Cueva Quebrada (Late Pleistocene), CA-SLO-585 (Locus 6A, Early-Middle Holocene) (Holocene), CA-SLO-585 (Locus 6A, Late Holocene) (Holocene), Bluegrass (macro) (Holocene), Scripps Poway Parkway (Feature F) (Holocene), Scripps Poway Parkway (Feature E) (Holocene), Dust Cave (Zones T and U) (Holocene), North Creek Shelter (Paleoarchaic) (Holocene), North Creek Shelter (Early Archaic) (Holocene), Hulme Site (Holocene), McIntosh (Holocene), Lower Walnut Settlement (Holocene), McKinley Site (Zone A) (Holocene), McKinley Site (Zone B) (Holocene), Angel Site (Subdivision W10D) (Holocene), Bone Cave (Holocene), Steck (Holocene), Fort Center Mound A (Holocene), McLelland (Holocene), Croley-Evans (Holocene), Watson Brake (6.4 mm fraction) (Holocene), Rattlesnake Point Pueblo (Unit 2) (Holocene), Cadwalader (Holocene), Mosquito Willie (Holocene), Mykut Rockshelter (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (interior) (Holocene), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1) (Holocene), Harris Creek (Holocene), Hobson Site (Holocene), Edwin Harness Mound (Holocene), Dead Indian Creek (Holocene), Guard (Holocene), Coffey (Horizon III-5, 1972-73) (Holocene), Prison Farm (Holocene), Pine Hill (Holocene), Otter Creek No. 2 (Zone 3) (Holocene), Cole Gravel Pit (Holocene), Baker Village (Holocene), Scovill (Holocene), Schuiling Cave (Late Pleistocene), Meyer Cave (Holocene), Polecat Creek (alluvial gravel) (Late Pleistocene), Polecat Creek (black earth) (Holocene), Bootlegger Sink (Pleistocene - Holocene), Kathy's Pit (Pleistocene - Holocene), Mescal Cave (Pleistocene - Holocene), Pintwater Cave (Unit 3, level 8) (Late Pleistocene), Sunshine Locality (Unit E) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer B) (Holocene), Schulze Cave (layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Schulze Cave (layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Natural Chimneys (Late Pleistocene), Flagg Swamp Rockshelter (Archaic) (Holocene), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Bull Neck Swamp Research Forest, Trail of Tears State Forest, Black Mountain Open Space Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature), Nugget Canyon, West of US 287, Mojave Desert, Marmes Rockshelter (Harrison horizon) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Marmes Rockshelter (Marmes horizon) (Holocene), Marmes Rockshelter (A6–16 horizon) (Late Pleistocene), Kincaid Shelter (Late Pleistocene), Granite Cave (Holocene), Cumberland Cave (Middle Pleistocene)
Uzbekistan: Kyzyltepa (Holocene)
Vietnam: An Son (Holocene)
Yemen: Hawf
Zambia: Leopard's Hill Cave (Pre-Nachikufan) (Late Pleistocene)
Zimbabwe: Ingwezi Game Management Project
See also Canis adustus, Canis anthus, Canis armbrusteri, Canis arnensis, Canis aureus, Canis chihliensis, Canis dubius, Canis etruscus, Canis falconeri, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Canis lycanoides, Canis mesomelas, Canis mosbachensis, Canis priscolatrans, Canis sp., Canis spp.