Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 1)
Basic information
Sample name: Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 1)
Reference: N. Amano, A.-M. Moigne, T. Ingicco, F. Sémah, R. D. Awe, and T. Simanjuntak. 2016. Subsistence strategies and environment in Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Eastern Java: Evidence from Braholo Cave. Quaternary International 416:46-63 [ER 3073]
Geography
Country: Indonesia
State: Central Java
Coordinate: 8° 5' 52" S, 111° 45' 19" E
Latlng basis: stated in text
Time interval: Holocene
Section: 3073
Unit number: 1
Unit order: above to below
Geography comments: "Braholo Cave is located on the western part of the Gunung Sewu (‘Thousand Mountains’) region of Central Java in the regency of Gunung Kidul close to the village of Semugih. The cave is on the western slope of a ca. 45 m high limestone hill, 15 m above the modern village road".
There are no direct dates for Assemblage 1, although clear stratigraphic and archeaological features strongly suggest the deposit is Holocene in age.
There are no direct dates for Assemblage 1, although clear stratigraphic and archeaological features strongly suggest the deposit is Holocene in age.
Environment
Substrate: ground surface
Lithology: claystone
Taphonomic context: cave, human accumulation
Archaeology: ceramics, hearths, stone tools
Habitat comments: "The site is composed of two very distinct sedimentary deposits: an upper and chronologically younger loose reddish brown sandy clay deposit that extends from 30 to around 200 cm below the surface (Assemblage 1) and a dark brown silty clay deposit found from around 200 to 700 cm (Aseemblages 2-4). Numerous hearths and concentrations of burnt animal bones were recorded within the reddish brown sandy clay deposit. No hearths were found in the dark brown silty clay deposit".
"Assemblage 1 of excavation square G6 consists of bone fragments recovered from 30 to 210 cm, the loose reddish brown sandy clay deposit. Artifacts associated with the Southeast Asian Neolithic, such as pottery, clay ornaments, quadrangular stone adzes and other polished stone tools, were restricted to the first 30–50 cm of the deposit".
"Assemblage 1 of excavation square G6 consists of bone fragments recovered from 30 to 210 cm, the loose reddish brown sandy clay deposit. Artifacts associated with the Southeast Asian Neolithic, such as pottery, clay ornaments, quadrangular stone adzes and other polished stone tools, were restricted to the first 30–50 cm of the deposit".
Methods
Life forms: bats, carnivores, primates, rodents, ungulates, other large mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, turtles, fishes
Sampling methods: quarry
Sample size: 1156 specimens
Years: 1997 - 2001
Net or trap nights: 0
Basal area status: not applicable
Sampling comments: "Excavations in Braholo Cave were undertaken between 1997 and 2001. A total of 17 pits were opened during the excavations. The archaeological investigations were limited to the northwest region of the cave because of the huge limestone boulders and collapsed stalactites in the southern portion of the cave. The deepest squares (O8 and G6) reached a maximum depth of 7.3 m. The basal occupation layers were presumed to have not been reached since excavations in most squares were halted due of the presence of huge limestone boulders. A stratified sampling strategy was employed to account for the stark difference in the total number of bone fragments represented in each analytical assemblage".
Metadata
Sample no: 4074
Contributor no: Benjamin Carter
Enterer: Benjamin Carter
Created: 2023-02-20 11:56:34
Modified: 2023-04-29 00:32:45
Abundance distribution
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts. Values are logged.
Statistics
36 species
5 singletons
total count 1156
geometric series index: 53.1
Fisher's α: 7.051
geometric series k: 0.8298
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.6329
Shannon's H: 1.7986
Good's u: 0.9957
Register
| Myliobatidae indet. | 1 | |
| Siluriformes indet. | 2 | |
| Phasianidae indet. | 8 | |
| "Gallidae indet." | ||
| Accipitridae indet. | 2 | |
| Strigidae indet. | 2 | |
| Apodidae indet. | 3 | |
| 2 Aves indet. | ||
| Cyclemys dentata | 14 | |
| Cuora amboinensis | 31 | |
| 45 Geoemydidae indet. | ||
| Python sp. | 10 | |
| Varanus sp. | 21 | |
| Agamidae indet. | 2 | |
| Presbytis sp. | 2 | |
| Macaca sp. | 82 | |
| Trachypithecus auratus (Javan lutung) | 684 | 10.0 kg |
| 2515 Cercopithecidae indet. | ||
| Nycticebus javanicus (Javan slow loris) | 10 | |
| Galeopterus variegatus | 91 | |
| Ratufa bicolor | 16 | |
| Callosciurus sp. | 7 | |
| 171 Sciuridae indet. | ||
| Hystrix sp. | 3 | |
| Muridae indet. | 9 | |
| Pteropus sp. | 57 | |
| Rousettus sp. | 1 | |
| Hipposideros cf. diadema | 1 | 46.1 g |
| 7 Chiroptera indet. | ||
| Mustelidae indet. | 1 | |
| Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Asian palm civet) | 19 | 2.4 kg |
| 4 Viverridae indet. | ||
| Prionailurus sp. | 2 | |
| 2 Felidae indet. | ||
| Tragulus sp. | 3 | |
| Sus verrucosus (Javan warty pig) | 2 | |
| Sus scrofa vittatus (pig) | 1 | |
| 113 Suidae indet. | ||
| Muntiacus muntjak (southern red muntjac) | 33 | 19.0 kg |
| Axis sp. | 5 | |
| Cervus sp. | 11 | |
| "Rusa sp.", also 20 Cervidae indet. | ||
| Bos sp. | 7 | |
| Bubalus sp. | 4 | |
| 20 Bovidae indet. | ||
| Rhinoceros sp. | 3 | |
| Elephas sp. | 6 | |