The Ecological Register: Vulpes vulpes

Vulpes vulpes (carnivore)

Mass: 5.3 kg based on Cavallini 1997, Mohamed 2016, Bellows and Mitchell 2002, Layne 1958, and Ward 1928

Diet: carnivore based on Panek and Bresinski 2002 and Zhang et al. 2011; carnivore-frugivore based on Ables 1969 and Hockman and Chapman 1983; carnivore-insectivore based on Azevedo et al. 2006

Abundance: 0.02 to 47.47% (median 1.67%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 63.8°

Habitats: (42), Mediterranean woodland (3), boreal forest/taiga (1), desert/xeric shrubland (5), montane grassland (6), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (30), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (2)

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Found in 95 samples

Afghanistan: Nuristan Province

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4)

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve

Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study)

Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV), Keffer (Midden 57, screened), Irving-Johnston, Winefred Lake, St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012)

China: Altun Mountains, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer)

France: Côte d’Or, Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I), Mas d'Azil

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic)

India: Dachigam National Park

Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave

Iraq: Palegawra Cave

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8)

Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Obihiro (wildlife overpass)

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6)

Kyrgyzstan: SaryChat Ertash Zapovednik (ridge), Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring), Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E)

Pakistan: Khunjerab National Park

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 6)

Romania: Southern Transylvania

Russia: Geographical Society Cave, Zapovednaya

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja), Imanolen Arrobia, El Mirador Cave

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve

Ukraine: Prolom II, Mirnoe

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry

United States: Memphis, Richlands, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, The Wilds, Zesch Cave, Crystal Ball Cave, Haystack Cave (upper levels), Haystack Cave (lower levels), Golf Course, Harrodsburg Crevice, Bat Cave, Dust Cave (Zones T and U), Black Cat Cave (interior), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1), Guard, Pine Hill, Meyer Cave, Sunshine Locality (Unit E), Schulze Cave (layer C1), Schulze Cave (layer C2), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature)

Yemen: Hawf

Size measurements:

♀ body mass	4940 kg	N = 125	Cavallini 1997
♀ body mass	600 g	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ body mass	1900 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	4900 kg	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ body mass	5750 kg	N = 205	Cavallini 1997
♂ body mass	4848 kg	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ body mass	1300 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	2900 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	2100 kg	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ body mass	5443 kg	N = 6	Ward 1928
♀ total body length	590 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ total body length	800 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	970 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ total body length	1031 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ total body length	645 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	885 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ total body length	960 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ tail length	230 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ tail length	320 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	360 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ tail length	365 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ tail length	290 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	390 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ tail length	410 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ hind foot length	95 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ hind foot length	120 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	149 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ hind foot length	165 mm	N = 1	Layne 1958
♂ hind foot length	105 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	130 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ hind foot length	140 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ ear length	60 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ ear length	80 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	79 mm	N = 1	Bellows and Mitchell 2002
♂ ear length	70 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	90 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ ear length	90 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ skull length	85.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	97.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	121.2 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull length	113.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ condylobasal length	80.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	91.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	117.6 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ condylobasal length	109.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ skull width	51.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	56.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	68.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ skull width	59.6 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ interorbital breadth	16.5 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	18.1 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	23.7 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ interorbital breadth	20.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♀ lower tooth row length	37.9 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	41.3 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	63.4 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016
♂ lower tooth row length	59.3 mm	N = 1	Mohamed 2016